After any kind of traffic accident, if someone files a car accident lawsuit against you claiming the crash was your fault, one of your options may be filing a counterclaim in court. Here's what to know at the outset:
A counterclaim is a legal claim that the defendant in a lawsuit (the person being sued) can file against the plaintiff (the person who filed the original lawsuit). (Get the basics on car accident lawsuits.)
A counterclaim is not a separate lawsuit, and the allegations in it must usually relate to the subject matter of the original complaint—so it must pertain to the underlying car accident, and not to some other legal dispute—although there can be exceptions, which we'll touch on below.
It's important to keep in mind that a counterclaim is a legal filing that's part of a larger, court-based lawsuit. It's not a type of insurance claim. If someone involved in your car accident files an car insurance claim for their losses, you can always file your own separate insurance claim (like a third-party claim against the other driver's insurance company) seeking compensation for your own accident-related harm. But that's not referred to as a "counterclaim" in the insurance world (or anywhere else).
Here's how the standard counterclaim arises in a car accident lawsuit:
Assuming that Barry has car insurance, his insurer will likely handle all aspects of the counterclaim, since it's likely that the insurer has already appointed a car accident lawyer to defend the lawsuit in court.
In fact, it's generally the car insurance company, and not the driver, who will decide if a counterclaim should be filed at all. If the driver wants to file a counterclaim, but the driver's insurer doesn't think it's a good idea, no counterclaim will likely be filed.
Let's take a closer look at how the counterclaim in a car accident case will work, in the context of Anna's lawsuit against Barry.
The lawsuit begins with the service of the "complaint" and "summons" by Anna (the plaintiff) on Barry (the defendant). In many states, Barry will then have a short period of time, possibly four weeks, to determine how he wants to respond. Learn more about starting a personal injury lawsuit.
If Barry decides to file a counterclaim, he must file an "answer" to Anna's complaint with the court, and then file the counterclaim according to the court's rules.
Discovery (the pretrial investigation process) will then begin on both the complaint (Anna's original lawsuit) and Barry's counterclaim. During the discovery process, both parties will investigate one another's allegations, using tools like:
Keep in mind that the parties are entitled to conduct discovery on the allegations of Barry's counterclaim just as if it was a regular lawsuit.
Let's say that the parties complete discovery and conduct mediation, but the settlement negotiations fail. Now they have to go to trial. Let's look at how a trial proceeds when a counterclaim is involved.
The evidence on the counterclaim is generally heard at the same trial in which the evidence on the main lawsuit is heard. The major difference between presenting evidence on the main lawsuit and evidence on the counterclaim is that it is the defendant (Barry) who has the burden of proving the allegations of the counterclaim (remember that the counterclaim is an independent legal claim, not a defense).
In any trial, the plaintiff will make the first opening statement to the jury. Then, the defendant will make an opening statement. After the opening statements, Anna (as the plaintiff) presents her evidence (calling witnesses, entering documents and diagrams into evidence, etc.) first.
After Anna has finished presenting her evidence, Barry will present his evidence on both:
After Barry finishes presenting his evidence, Anna will then have a chance to present additional evidence in response to Barry's case.
Finally, the parties will make their closing arguments. The defendant usually goes first and the plaintiff last. But in some states:
The judge's instructions to the jury and the jury deliberation form are more complicated when there's a counterclaim.
In a regular car accident case, the jury simply decides if the defendant was negligent, and, if so, they next calculate the plaintiff's damages. When there's a counterclaim, the jury has to:
In order for the jury to understand what it's doing, the judge has to give additional instructions to explain exactly what a counterclaim is and who has what burden of proof.
If you're thinking about filing a counterclaim as part of a car accident lawsuit that's been filed against you, it's probably time to discuss your situation (and your options) with an experienced legal professional. If your insurance company has appointed a lawyer to defend you, start by talking with them about the prospect of filing a counterclaim.
If no lawsuit has been filed yet, and you're trying to be proactive and protect yourself, you might want to try finding a lawyer on your own. Learn more about how an attorney can help in a car accident case and get tips on getting help from a personal injury lawyer.
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